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(1)which用于指物或替代整个句子,在从句中可作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。例如:

  In this school, which has 24 classes, 480 students graduate each year.

  这所学校有 24 个班,每年有 480 名学生毕业。

  (2)that 既可指人又可指物,在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等,作宾语时常可省略。

  that 指人时常可与 who 或 whom 互换,指物时常可与 which 互换。例如:

  She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years ago. 她

  带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。

  (3)who,whom 的用法

  who 或 whom 均可指代人,但 who 在从句中作主语或宾语,whom 在从句中作宾语;两者

  在引导限制性定语从句时常可用 that 替换。作主语时,who/that 不可省略;作宾语时,whom/

  who/that 可以省略。例如:

  I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school (who/ whom/that) I met in the

  English speech contest last year. 我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。

  (4)whose 的用法

  whose 表所属关系,既可指人也可指物,在从句中作定语。指物时相当于 of which;指人

  时相当于 of whom,且要加定冠词 the。例如:

  The school shop, whose(=of which the)customers are mainly students, is closed for the

  holidays. 这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生,放假时商店关门。

  (五)as 的用法

  as 作关系代词既可指人也可指物,在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句

  时,一般用于 such…as..., the same…as..., as…as…, so…as… 结构中。例如:

  Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.(as 作主语)

  在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。

  It’s such a heavy stone as nobody can move.(as 作宾语)

  那是一块重得没人能移得动的石头。

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