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Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph.D.s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 per cent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22000
questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not
completing the Ph.D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well
financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated because of the concem frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph.D. progiams were capable of competing the requirement for the degree.
Attrition at the Ph.D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to retum to graduate schools to complete the Ph.D..
"The results of our research," Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."
Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation. Nearly75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph.D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20000 and more annually while none of the Ph.D.s with that background reached this figure. The Ph.D.s shone in the $ 7500 to $ 15000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph.D.s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus. the outlook was glum. The main
condition which would have to prevail for at least 25% of the dropouts who might consider retuming to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.
44. According to the author. what do many educators feel?
A. Steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.
B. The dropouts should retum to a lower quality school to continue their study.
C. The Ph.D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.
D. The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty
members.
45. Which of the following is shown from the research?
A. Dropouts are substantially below Ph.D.s in financial attainment.
B. The incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph.D. studies.
C. The Ph.D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.
D. About l/3 0f those who start Ph.D. work do not complete the work to eam the degree.
46. Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph.D.____  .
A. is the most frequent reason for dropping out
B. is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate
C. is an essential part of many Ph.D. programs
D. does not vary in difficulty among universities
47. After reading the article, one would avoid concluding that      .
A. optimism exists strongly in regard to getting Ph.D. dropouts to retum to their pursuit of thedegree
B. a Ph.D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to leam the degree
C. colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph.D. dropouts
D. Ph.D.s are not eaming what they deserve in nonacademic positions
44．【答案】A。解析：细节题。根据第四段中的“Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage ofhighly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduateschools to complete the Ph.D.”可知，许多教育工作者认为应采取措施让辍学者重返学校学习，A项正确。B项“退学者应该到一个教学质量更低的学校继续学业”，C项“取得博士学位的人一般比退学者具有更好的适应能力”，D项“高退学率主要原因在于教职工方面缺乏激励”，这三项文章均未提及。故本题选A。
45．【答案】D。解析：细节题。根据第二段中的“The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent，andin mostcases the dropouts，while not completing the Ph.D. requirement．went on to productive work”可知，在开始攻读博上学位的人中，约有三分之一的人没有完成学业并取得学位，D项正确。A项“退学者的经济收入比博士生低许多”，与原文不符。B项“在攻读博士学位的过程中，激励因素是次要的”, C项“博士预备生如果中途退学很可能更换其专业领域”，两项文章均未提及。故本题选D。
46．【答案】C。解析：推断题。根据倒数第三段中的“... but those who mentioned academic reason citedfailure to pass the qualifying examination，uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams可知，退学者提到了无法通过外语考试这一学术原因。由此可推断出外语是许多博士课程的重要组成部分。A项与原文不符；B、D两项文章没有提及。故本题选C。
47．【答案】A。解析：主旨题。根据最后一段中的“As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus，the outlook was glum“可知让退学者重返校园的前景并不乐观。B项“博士生退学者，大体上来说，并不具备取得学位所需的条件”，C项“学院和大学雇用了许多博士退学者”，这两项文章未提及。D项“在非学术岗位上，博士生没有挣到他们应得的钱”与原文不符。故本题选A。

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