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Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical joumals, but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing
a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "The data are still
inconclusive. " "We know that, " the men from the budget office have said. "but what do you think?Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having ever been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, buthas convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are plannedand carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate. then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor. if regularity and confonnity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect,is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team" .
48. The author wants to prove with the example of lsaac Newton that .
A. inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
B . science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
C. scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
D. unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
49. The author asserts that scientists" .
A. shouldn't replace - scientific method" with imaginative thought
B. shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
C. should write more concise reports for technical joumals
D. should be confident about their research findings
50. It seems that some young scientists ..
A. have a keen interest in prediction
B. often speculate on the future
C. think highly of creative thinking
D. stick to“scientific method”
51. The author implies that the results of scientific research .
A . may not be as profitable as they are expected
B. can be measured in dollars and cents
C. rely on conformity to a standard pattem
D. are mostly underestimated by management
48．【答案】A。解析：细节题。根据第一段中的“Science，in practice，depends far less on the experiments itprepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments”可知作者用牛顿的事例来强调实验观察者头脑的重要性，说明求知欲（爱寻根究底的头脑）比科学实验更重要。故本题选A。
49．【答案】B。解析：细节题。根据第二段中的“Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of rescarch.If you don't have unpredictable things. you don't have research”可知，作者认为科学家不应该忽视对不可预测的事情的推测。第三段强调了创造性思维的重要性，故A项“不应该用创造牲思维取代‘科学的方法’”错误。
C项“应该为技术期刊写更简洁的报告”是对原文“Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and driedreports for the technical journals”的曲解。根据最后一段可知D项“应该对他们的研究结果有信心”与原文不符。故本题选B。
50．【答案】D。解析：细节题。根据第三段中的“In talking to some scientists，particularly younger ones，you might gather the impressian that they find the 'scientific method'a substitute for imaginative thought”可知，似乎一些年轻科学家认为“科学的方法”能代替创造性思维。其他三项均与原文内容相反，故本题选D。
51．【答案】A。解析：推断题。根据第四段中的“If experiments are planned and carried out according toplan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate,then it is perfectly logical for management to expectresearch to produce results measurable in dollars and cents“可知，如果实验经过计划并按科学杂志上的报告予以实施，那么科研可产生用美元和美分度量的结果。由此可推断出科研结果不像他们所期望的那样赚钱。其他三项均不符合题意，故本题选A。
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