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When Eteni, a 13-month-old baby living in the rainforests of Congo,attempts ...freshly hunted meat with a sharp knife, no one interferes(-涉). In fact,Eteni can often be found playing with sharp tools and imitating(模仿)her nine-year-old aunt, Bwaka, who is already efficient at gathering wild plants and cutting bush meat with her knife.
As Eteni and Bwaka interact with each other and other community members,they provide insights into how hunter-gatherer children acquire skills that are crucial for suryival in the forest.
In our study, we watched over 100 video recordings from my time with the BaYaka people in Congo to understand how hunter-gatherer children develop skills like using knives, caring for babies, and gathering wild plants when they are as young as three years old. They learn by freely exploring their environment, observing and copying others in mixed-age (2-16)“playgroups”, which is a great way of transmitting(传)skills accurately and likely explains how human culture developed in ancient hunter-gatherer communities.
Teaching is another great way of ensuring information is passed on correctly. But compared to the years of formal education children receive in societies like the UK teaching is rare for hunter-gatherer children, Hunter-gatherers encourage children to be self-reliant and are less likely to interfere in their actions, because independence is crucial in their environment where a person needs to look for food each day.
Does this mean that teaching isn't necessary? Not at all. Teaching in humans is universal and has evolved as cultures have evolved. In hunter-gatherer societies,teaching is reserved for transmitting abstract information, like how to behave around others. Rather than giving direct instructions, hunter-gatherer teachers often create learning opportunities and monitor the child's activity. For example, I watched a teenage boy learn how to share food equally among the camp as the adult monitoring him only gave feedback occasionally.
We have a lot to learn from hunter-gatherer childhoods. I admire the children's freedom in acquiring skills and knowledge through highly active play practice and exploration. Not only do they throw light on how culture evolved, but more importantly, they inspire us to reimagine how children learn-something people seem surprisingly incurious about elsewhere in the world.
1. Why are hunter-gatherer children mentioned in the first paragraph?
A. To compare the children's life with modern life.
B. To describe the life in hunter-gatherer communities.
C. To give an example of the children's independent learning.
D. To reveal the harmonious relationship between the children.
2. According to the text, what can mixed-age “playgroups” be compared to?
A.A school.
B. A family.
C. A cinema.
D. A sports team.
3. Which of the following may need to be taught in hunter-gatherer communities?
A. Ways to use tools.
B. Behayiors in social life.
C.Strategies for hunting animals.
D. Techniques for gathering wild plants
4. What does the author emphasize in the last paragraph?
A. Better education for hunter-gatherer children.
B.Understanding of how human culture develops.
C.Re-examination of childhood learning in modern societies
D. Play practice and exploration in hunter-gatherer childhoods
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